There is no written evidence to tell us exactly who coined the term educational technology. Different educators, scientists and philosophers offer different definitions of educational technology at different intervals. Educational technology is a multifaceted and integrated process that includes people, procedures, ideas, devices and organizations, in which technology from various fields of science is borrowed according to educational needs and requirements to implement solutions to these problems in all aspects. and managing human learning.
In general, educational technology has gone through five phases.
The first level of educational technology is combined with the use of tools such as diagrams, maps, symbols, models, samples and specific materials. The term educational technology is used synonymously with audiovisual aids.
The second level of educational technology is related to the "electronic revolution" with the introduction and manufacture of complex hardware and software. The use of various audiovisual means such as projectors, magic lanterns, tape recorders, radio and television brought revolutionary changes in the educational scenario. Thus, the term educational technology has been taken in relation to these complex tools and devices for the effective presentation of learning materials.
The third level of educational technology is related to the development of mass media, which in turn led to the "communication revolution" for educational purposes. Computer-assisted teaching (CAI), which has been used for teaching since the 1950s, also became popular during this period.
The fourth level of educational technology differs from the individual teaching process. The invention of programmed learning and programmed learning has brought a new dimension to educational technology. The result is an independent learning system based on teaching materials and machine learning.
Recent concepts in educational technology are influenced by the concept of systems engineering, or systems approach, which focuses on language laboratories, machine learning, programmed instruction, multimedia technology, and the use of computers in the classroom. According to him, educational technology is a systematic way to design, implement, and evaluate the entire teaching and learning process in relation to certain research-based goals.
Educational Technology in the Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages
Despite the uncertainty about the origin of the term, educational technology can be traced back to the systematization of three prehistoric human epochs; namely the Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age.
In the Stone Age, starting fires by rubbing stones, making various weapons and handcrafted tools from stone, and practicing clothing were some of the simple technological developments that were very important. Several Stone Age people developed sea-based technology for canoes to travel across the ocean from one place to another and developed their first non-formal training in ocean currents, weather, sailing, astronautics, and star charts. In the Stone Age (Neolithic), stone tools, polished for agricultural practice, were mostly made from various hard stones by digging underground tunnels, which can be considered the first step in extraction technology. Polished axes were very effective even after the advent of bronze and iron; People use it to clear forests and create agricultural farms.
Although Stone Age cultures left no written records, archaeological evidence points to their transition from a nomadic life to an agricultural settlement. Ancient instruments are kept in various museums, cave paintings like Altamira cave in Spain and other prehistoric art like Venus Willendorf, mother goddess Lausel, France etc are some of the proofs of their culture.
The Neolithic Revolution in the Stone Age led to the Bronze Age with the development of agriculture, the domestication of animals, and the adoption of permanent settlements. For this practice, Bronze Age people perfected the smelting of metals such as copper, and later bronze, an alloy of tin and copper, was their material of choice.
The Iron Age people replaced bronze and developed knowledge of iron smelting technology to reduce the cost of living because iron tools were stronger and cheaper than bronze equivalents. In many Eurasian cultures, the Iron Age was the last period before the development of writing.
Educational Technology in the Age of Ancient Civilization
According to Paul Sattler, 2004, educational technology can be painted back to a time when tribal priests systematized knowledge and ancient cultures invented pictograms or signs to record and convey information. At every stage of human civilization, one can find a training technique or set of procedures developed to implement a particular culture, which has also been supported by a lot of research and evidence. The more advanced the culture, the more complex the learning technologies, reflecting the particular forms of individual and social behavior intended to govern an educated society. Over the centuries, every significant change in values, goals or objectives in education has resulted in different teaching technologies.
The best advances in technology and engineering came with the rise of ancient civilizations. This achievement stimulates and trains other people around the world to adopt new ways of life and government.
Electronics is the most important technology developed at the beginning of the 21st century. Broadband Internet access has become popular and has occupied almost every large office and educational institution and even public place in the developed world, with the benefit of connecting home computers to music libraries and cell phones.
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